Trimethylamine N oxide (TMAO) is a small molecule produced in humans primarily by the gut liver axis and has become an important biomarker, and possible mediator, of cardiometabolic and renal disease. Dietary choline, phosphatidylcholine ( TMAO Is Both a Biomarker and a Renal Toxin Circulation Research Gut Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine N oxide (TMAO) in Cardio Metabolic Diseases: Detection, Mechanism, and Potential Therapeutics Decoding TMAO in the Gut Organ Axis: From Biomarkers and Cell Death Me DDDT Dove Medical Press Gut microbiota metabolism of l carnitine and cardiovascular risk Atherosclerosis Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis Nature Medicine