Sex specific alterations in pulmonary metabolic, xenobiotic and lipid signalling pathways after e cigarette aerosol exposure during adolescence in mice BMJ Open Respiratory Research New study shows common vape ingredients deform fetal mouse skulls. Even if they are nicotine free. Researchers at The Ohio State University, led by anatomist James Cray, exposed pregnant mice to the base Why Is Menthol So Addictive to Vapers? BU Today Boston University Frontiers Impact of in utero electronic cigarette exposure on neonatal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function E cigarette aerosol exposure can cause craniofacial defects in Xenopus laevis embryos and mammalian neural crest cells PLOS One Exposure to third hand e cigarette vapour impairs cognitive function in young mice ScienceDirect